2 未来可持续发展的思考与展望
在环境功能质量提升、碳达峰、碳中和的背景下，膜法污水处理应向多功能拓展、选择性分离、定制化分离和绿色化发展方向持续迈进。生物、信息、材料、人工智能、3D打印等科技的快速发展为膜法污水处理技术革新带来无限可能，未来需要进一步强化膜法污水处理技术绿色发展思维，坚持技术创新驱动，强化学科交叉融合，从而支撑构建高品质出水、工艺过程低碳排的膜法污水处理技术。
1) 多功能拓展。将膜与电催化、光催化、酶催化、先进生物处理技术等耦合，可在分离基础上赋予膜技术污染物转化、降解功能，从而拓宽膜分离应用领域与应用范围。膜体内具有发达的微纳米级别通道，在膜孔限域空间内引入非均相催化剂，从而构建纳米限域强化的高效膜反应器，实现水中污染物的快速去除，是目前膜分离多功能拓展的研究热点。而将纳米限域膜反应器用于实际污水处理时，膜内部污染对膜孔内反应位点的屏蔽效应是纳米限域催化膜实际应用需要解决的问题。合成生物学、基因编辑等生物科技的快速发展为膜生物反应器技术的迭代升级提供了强有力的技术支持，尤其是在特定场合的应用(如典型工业废水处理、污染物定向资源化等)可能是未来重点发展的方向。
2) 选择性分离。膜的选择性是衡量膜材料先进程度、技术竞争力的一个重要指标，尤其是在水和废水的高标准处理方面。以RO膜为例，目前商用膜对水中小分子微污染物的截留效果仍然有限；在集成电路行业水循环利用方面，现有高压膜分离精度仍然不能满足水中污染物去除要求，往往需要流程很长的制水过程；在特定污染物资源回收方面，往往要求膜的选择性超出现有商用膜的性能。因此，在特定应用场合，对水质的高标准要求驱使膜的选择性仍需不断提升。然而高选择性又带来对膜过滤性能的影响，水通量和截留率之间的制衡关系(Trade-off)仍是未来高压膜发展面临的挑战[74]，也是未来研究需要持续突破的重点。
3) 定制化分离。在实际污水处理中，面临着分离的多样化需求。实际污水处理时往往存在特定的、更具有经济性的分离精度要求。如纺织染整行业的染盐分离、能够选择性透过Ca2+、Mg2+的纳滤过程、特定污染物富集回收等，其并非要求膜具有很高的选择性，而是要求膜具备高效分离特定污染物的“定制化”功能。例如，挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)是厌氧生物处理(非甲烷化)的另一重要生物质资源，基于膜法的NF、渗透汽化和膜蒸馏技术均具有回收VFA的潜力，但如何进行污水中VFA膜材料的定制化设计以实现VFA的定制化高效分离即是膜分离材料制备需要考虑的问题。通过膜结构微纳米级别的精细调控，设计选择性NF膜对水中微污染物进行有效去除，同时让Ca2+、Mg2+等离子透过NF膜，是目前水处理NF膜材料的研究前沿。此外，针对特种废水的处理，研发特种膜材料，实现经济高效分离处理也属于“定制化”分离的研究范畴。
4) 绿色化发展。膜法污水处理技术的绿色发展应打破传统仅关注节能降耗的单一视角，系统考虑整体膜法污水处理工艺流程的碳排放、膜材料的环境影响等。总体而言，膜法污水处理技术的绿色发展依赖于工艺节能降耗、再生水循环利用、污染物资源化能源化、膜材料的循环利用等几个方面。在工艺层面，膜分离技术在污染物富集方面具有广泛应用潜力(尤其是低浓度市政污水)，可以为污染物的资源能源转化提供有力的技术支撑[139-140]。此外，膜的选择性分离、定制化分离可以在特定物质的资源回收方面发挥重要作用(如典型工业废水处理)，也是膜法污水处理技术绿色发展的重要方向。在膜材料层面，如何通过低成本的手段使膜具有优异的抗污染性能是膜材料长效使用的关键，同时也是降低膜材料全生命周期环境影响的重要手段。与此同时，寻找绿色替代性材料也是膜材料研发的方向之一。而对于膜材料的“末端处理”，如何绿色低碳地循环利用报废膜材料，对“寿命终点”的膜材料进行延寿处理，是降低膜材料碳排放的重要途径。
5) 智慧化运维。膜法污水处理系统的智能化运行管理技术是未来的重点研究方向之一。研究基于人工智能的多源数据融合的精准化运管技术，建立膜污染与膜运行的可视化监测与信息化模拟系统，构建复杂应用场景下的运管策略，降低膜法污水处理系统能耗，提升系统运行效能，是推进膜法污水处理技术可持续发展的重要内容。
未来在膜法污水处理研究中，还应基于真实水环境与复杂污水体系进行研究[140]，需重点关注的关键科技问题包括：1)复杂环境背景下污染物在液-功能材料-膜材料多界面、多过程转移转化机制；2)多污染物共存条件下膜微纳结构驱动的水/污染物分离与转化机制；3)复杂水环境条件下膜表面/基体结构性质与过滤性能/选择性制衡关系；4)新型膜材料-结构-效能“组学”及其绿色化设计、制备与循环利用方法；5)膜工艺中物质/能量/电子流的选择性调控与分配机理。在上述关键科技问题研究基础上，不断推动新型关键膜法污水处理技术突破，实现膜法污水处理技术的可持续发展。
3 结论
膜分离技术在污水处理与再生利用中发挥着重要作用。抗污染功能膜界面构筑是高性能膜材料设计的重要一环，改善膜材料表面/基体结构性质、引入中间层、调控膜中纳米水通道，从而突破水通量/选择性的Trade-off是高压膜材料选择性分离、定制化分离的关键所在，基于影像组学和人工智能的膜材料3D打印是膜材料精准设计的未来。通过关键性功能材料设计与工艺集成耦合，在单一膜分离功能基础上耦合污染物转化、降解的功能拓展，是低压膜分离技术出水满足高标准的重要方向，而传统的膜-生物耦合工艺应考虑在生物研究上寻求进一步突破。膜材料到使用终点时的处理、处置是膜法水处理技术面临的严峻挑战，通过报废膜再生实现膜材料的循环利用，是膜法污水处理技术可持续发展的关键。在膜工艺绿色发展方面，可以将膜与绿色低耗生物处理技术进行耦合，发挥技术的协同优势，推进膜技术持续节能降耗与污水资源化、能源化。在生物、信息、材料、人工智能、3D打印等科技快速发展的背景下，通过深化交叉融合与创新，未来膜法污水处理技术将持续在多功能拓展、选择性分离、定制化分离和绿色化发展方向不断革新与迭代升级。
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